Trial Parameters
Brief Summary
To determine the nicotine threshold dose(s) for discrimination, subjective-rewarding effects, -and reinforcement in smokers with different levels of dependence.
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria: * to contact their primary care provider when necessary. * Adults, aged 21 to 59 years. Individuals less than 21 will be excluded because the minimum age for purchasing tobacco products is 21 in our state. The upper age is set at 59 because there are no previous IV nicotine studies that enrolled smokers over the age of 59. * Smoking at least for one year and more frequently than once a week, smoking status confirmed with a semi-quantitative urine nicotine test. Smokers will be stratified based on the level of dependence, assessed with the FTND scores (Heatherton et al. 1991) (low or no dependence 4 and moderate or high level of dependence 5. * In good health as verified by medical history, screening examination, and screening laboratory tests. * For women, report using acceptable birth control methods. Exclusion Criteria: * History of major medical or psychiatric disorders that the physician investigator deems as contraindicated for the participant to be in the stud