Study of the Patient Radiation Dose During Five Endourological Procedures
Trial Parameters
Brief Summary
In the medical world more and more procedures are performed with the use of ionizing radiation (x-ray), both diagnostic and therapeutic. The main and most known risk is the development of malignancies as a result of the use of ionizing radiation. Purpose of this study: To examine the patient radiation dose (PRD) if the frames per second (FPS) are set differently during the five most performed endourological procedures where fluoroscopy is used (insertion/replacement of ureteral stent, (mini-)percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL/PNL), ureterorenoscopy (URS) and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL/SWL)) and to propose an acceptable PRD for these procedures in a multicentric study.
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria: * all patients who receive insertion/replacement of ureteral stent, URS (flexible or semirigid), (mini-)PCNL (including ECIRS) or ESWL under fluoroscopic with or without ultrasonic guidance * Only cases performed or directly supervised by experts Exclusion Criteria: * Bilateral cases * Diagnostic ureterorenoscopies * Antegrade ureteroscopies * Procedures for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma (UTUC) * Procedures on children (aged \<18 years) * Pregnant women * Abnormal urinary anatomy (e.g. ureteral duplication, pelvic kidney, bladder derivation, horseshoe kidney)