Hemodynamics During Cesarean Delivery Under Spinal Anesthesia With Norepinephrine Versus Ephedrine
Trial Parameters
Brief Summary
Echocardiography will be used to measure cardiac output and calculate other important hemodynamic variables in healthy patients with full-term singleton pregnancy during cesarean delivery under conventional spinal anesthesia using 2 different vasopressor drugs: norepinephrine in 1 group versus ephedrine in another group.
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria: * American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status II. * Singleton, full term pregnancy. * Scheduled cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Exclusion Criteria: * Height \<150 or \>180 cm. * Weight \<60 or \>110 kg. * Body mass index (BMI) \<18.5 or ≥35 kg/m². * Women presenting in labor. * Any contraindication to spinal anesthesia: increased intracranial pressure, coagulopathy, or local skin infection. * Chronic or pregnancy-induced hypertension. * Baseline systolic blood pressure \>140 mm Hg. * Hemoglobin \<10 g/dl. * Diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, or renal disease. * Polyhydramnios or known significant fetal abnormalities. * Current administration of vasoactive drugs such as: beta blockers, salbutamol, or thyroxin.